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What's frit? Frit is an trade time period for the paint that is applied across the perimeter of the automotive glass parts. Considered one of the key substances in frit is a glass ceramic particle that fuses to the glass surface making it a really durable and scratch resistant surface. Why is frit (paint) on the glass? Frit serves two roles on the glass. First, it is a beauty feature that's used to hide inside trim and pinchweld particulars. Early model automobiles used broad moldings to obscure what would in any other case be uncovered areas. As moldings became smaller to the purpose of nonexistence on a number of current fashions, the frit had a larger position in masking unfinished areas of the car. Secondly, the frit inhibits UV degradation of urethane adhesives. Whereas the frit will not utterly block the UV rays from passing via the glass, it does considerably scale back UV gentle transmission. Most urethanes will not be UV stable. If urethane is left exposed to sunlight for prolonged intervals of time, it's going to yellow and turn chalky. Presence of the frit will lengthen the lifetime of the urethane adhesive system. What number of kinds of frit are there? There are lots of of kinds of frits developed for automotive glass applications. The most typical automotive glass frits we use are black, gray and white although different colours are available. Frit pastes are developed to work together with the processing necessities wanted for a selected half. Every paste is developed for the precise furnace time and temperature parameters used to fabricate parts at a manufacturing location. It's not unusual for a glass manufacturing facility to work with a dozen different frit pastes. How is frit applied to the glass? Frit is applied to the glass utilizing a silk screen methodology. It is extremely just like the method used to silk display screen T-shirts. An image of the frit design is developed for the glass in the bent or curved form. Then the picture is unwrapped and flattened. A silk screen is made to permit the frit to go through openings in the display screen. The openings correspond to the final design image. The frit is a thick paste that is put onto the display screen. Squeegees are used to push the frit paste via the display openings and onto the glass. Frit is utilized to the glass while it's within the flat position earlier than it is processed by the furnace. The furnace helps to cure the frit and to fuse it to the glass floor. Each half with every different design has a novel silk screen. Silk screens are always being maintained all through the life of an element. Because of the fragile nature of the screens, they will put on out and commonly have to be remade all through the lifetime of a part in manufacturing. What is Batch glass? Batch is a glass reference time period that identifies part of the manufacturing course of. The raw elements of glass are correctly proportioned and combined in batches for delivery to the furnace. Even though glass is made in a continuous process that runs 24 hours a day, on daily basis of the year, the uncooked materials are added as needed in batches. To state that a glass is batch glass, it implies that there is just not any post manufacturing supplies, i.e. a film or coating, applied to the glass. Batch glass will get all its traits from the raw materials which can be used to make the glass. In the case of privacy or photo voltaic batch glass, the darkish colorants and UV inhibitors are combined in with the unique ingredients in the batch to make the glass. What is Float glass? Float glass refers back to the glass manufacturing process. What is the tin side and what's the air aspect of glass? As mentioned earlier, the float glass process includes floating molten glass on.molten tin. The molten tin is clean enough to present glass its flat surfaces. The tin and glass are like oil and water, they don't mix. However, the facet of glass that is in contact with tin in the course of the float process does pick up a microscopic layer of tin. This is taken into account the tin side of float glass. The highest side of glass is called the air or atmosphere side. To detect the tin side of glass, hold an UV gentle at an angle to the glass floor. The tin side will glow and the air side will not. What's Comfortable-Ray and what's Solar-Ray'? Smooth-Ray and Solar-Ray are GM Trademarks for the glass used of their vehicles. It identifies the kind of glass used for development and may seem on either laminated or tempered glass. LOF makes use of E-Z-Eye glass for the production of Gentle-Ray parts and EZKool solar control glass for Solar-Ray components. PPG uses Solex and Solar Green respectively. Deep Tint Photo voltaic-Ray is one other GM trademark that seems on dark coloured solar control elements. What's a monogram? A monogram is often referred to as the bug or trademark. Each automotive piece of glass is required by law to have an figuring out mark on the glass that can be seen once that glass is in the correctly put in position in the automobile. These marks are usually painted on the glass, however they can also be sand blasted or acid etched into the floor. What's in a monogram? For automotive functions, there are specific governmental items that should be in the monogram together with a division of transportation (DOT) quantity, the model (M) quantity and the glass sort (AS-1, AS-2, AS-three and so forth.) Monograms may also embrace data such because the model identify of the glass, the company name that made the glass, the company brand, the country of origin and a date code figuring out when the glass was manufactured. Is there anyway to determine what a component is by the monogram on the glass? Sadly, the majority of monograms shouldn't have any data in it to assist decide what an unmarked half is. Nonetheless, we are starting to see extra elements marked with the NAGS number within the Monogram. As extra of this is done, it will be simpler to accurately establish unknown elements. 2-What is the difference between AS-1, AS-2 and AS-three glasses codes? For automotive functions, the three commonest kinds of glass are AS-1, AS-2, and AS-3. All windshields should be marked with the AS-1 code which is on laminated glass having gentle transmission better than 70%. All tempered glass that has mild transmission above 70% is marked with an AS-2 code. All glass, laminated or tempered, that has less then 70% light transmission will have an AS-3 Code. What's a DOT code? The DOT number identifies the glass manufacturer. The acronym DOT stands for Department of Transportation. Every glazing manufacture must apply for a DOT number in an effort to promote glazings for automobiles in the United States of America. Each DOT quantity is assigned by the federal government and is unique for every manufacturer. Every bit of glass that is made must include that DOT code whether it is to be bought in the automotive market. What is an M number? The M quantity is a model quantity that is assigned by all glass manufacturing firms. Each firm establishes their own M number system that is exclusive to that organization. The M number identifies the specific glass development. It will possibly identify the glass details used to manufacture a part comparable to glass coloration and thickness. One Model number would possibly apply to 50 completely different half numbers. Each Model number is examined yearly for compliance with the governmental regulations. Most of the time, a part number can't be determined by the M number. How can I decide whether or not the glass in a car is original or a replacement? If you do not know the historical past of the car, one-approach to establish a chunk of glass is to check the monogram on the glass. In the event you, knew the manufacturer of the unique glass, verify the DOT (Department of Transportation) quantity on the glass within the car. If the DOT number would not belong to the OE glass supplier, then the half was a replacement. If the quantity does match, then test the date code on the glass. Most manufacturers mark the monogram with a means of figuring out the month and yr of glass manufacturing, sometimes even the date and shift! Since each firm does it otherwise, you will must contact the suitable producer for their date code conventions, which can include combinations of letters, numbers or even dots over varied letters. By comparing the date of the glass with the date of the automobile assembly, you'll be able to decide if they are the identical vintage. If the glass date carefully matches the vehicle meeting date, chances are the glass is unique. Which side of the vehicle is the precise hand side? The precise hand aspect of the automobile is the PASSENGER'S facet of the car. The DRIVER'S aspect of the car can be the LEFT-hand side. Rule of thumb, right and left sides are determined by picturing yourself sifting in the automotive. When ought to a non-conductive adhesive be used? If the adhesive will contact the antenna or defroster lines when the part is installed, use a non-conductive adhesive. Non-conductive adhesives stop interference with antenna systems and heated defroster methods that are contained within the glass. Many new glass parts have the antenna, defroster connections or buss bars round the sting of the glass in the identical space that the adhesive is applied to put in a glass part. Using a conductive adhesive will have an effect on the efficiency of the electrical system. Several adhesive manufacturers supply a non-conductive product for these glass functions. Remember to observe the manufacturers particular instructions for the adhesive system you use. How do set up methods cause stress cracks? Set up associated cracks usually outcome from a brief minimize out technique, the place all the outdated urethane bed is just not removed previous to installation. If the form and type of the brand new glass shouldn't be an identical to the previous urethane mattress, the glass may have spots of interference on the adhesive that lead to breaking. Set up associated stress may be formed by using adhesives which can be too inflexible and don't supply the compression and flexibility required of the adhesive system. Often, set up associated stress cracks would develop over time after the adhesive has been allowed to fully cure. What's tempered glass? Tempered glass is a single piece of glass that's strengthened by way of a rapid cooling course of. This cooling process tempers the glass by blasting both the top and backside surfaces with air. The skin surfaces of the glass cool sooner than the core of the glass. This motion units up a balance of strains between the surfaces and the core which adds considerable energy to the glass. Tempered glass is difficult to break, but when damaged it breaks into small granular pieces. How are tempered parts made? Glass of the required thickness is cut to the desired dimension. Any artwork or paint design is applied to the glass whereas it's in the flat position. This consists of any heated grid strains or antenna lines required on the final half. The glass is loaded into a furnace and is heated to temperatures of 12,000 F. There are multiple processes that might be used to bend the glass as it exits the furnace together with roll. How a lot power is required to break a tempered backlite? While the strength of tempered glass can seem very high, it will be important to recognize that the way by which tempered glass is damaged will affect the strength. Tempered glass is extraordinarily troublesome to interrupt with dull, blunt objects. Tempered glass can have a rupture strength of up to 24,000 pounds per square inch. Recall that tempered glass is produced by speedy cooling of the skin glass surfaces which sets up a stress / pressure balance. Why do the heated grid strains on heated backlites typically have a redbrown shade and other occasions have a yellow colour? The coloration of the grid strains is predominately decided by the surface of glass that they're printed on. The lines could have a darkish look when printed on the tin aspect of glass. The strains may have a brighter yellow or amber coloration when printed on the air facet of glass. Different colours, akin to white or light gray, might indicate a potential manufacturing downside with the heated grid traces such as an below fired situation or too much silver. These can lead to a heated backlite that does not perform appropriately. Is it a defect to see discolored spot patterns on tempered glass? No, the discolored spot patterns on a chunk of glass are actually a phenomenon of the tempering process. During tempering, air is forced onto the glass through tons of of nozzles. The spots are areas the place the cool air contacts the glass. The temper spot sample can indicate how nicely a bit of glass is tempered. The dimensions and consistency of the discolored areas will differ with the exact course of used, but they're current on all tempered parts. The flexibility to see these patterns is dependent on the angle ' of set up and the lighting situations. For example, it is easier to see the patterns on a sloping piece of glass at dusk than it's to see them on a vertical piece in shiny sunlight. What's an Innershield? The innershield is a layer of plastic on the innermost piece of glass which was most commonly used on the windshield. The innershield prevented lacerations on an occupant's head and face in the event that they got here in contact with the windshield within the event of an accident. The innershield was a preferred option on deluxe vehicles about ten years ago. How is a shadeband put right into a windshield? The shadeband is pre-tinted onto the plastic that's placed between the glass plies. The plastic is available in rolls and one finish of the roll has the shade colour. During processing, it may be required to warp the plastic to curve the shadeband so it should match the curve of the top of, the windshield. After warping, the plastic is minimize to dimension and it's prepared to make use of. What's delamination? Delamination is the separation of the glass plies and plastic layer in a laminated product corresponding to a windshield. That is also referred to as an unbonded area (UBA) or an oil blow. Outdated autoclaving course of used scorching petroleum to laminate windshields and the oil might seep into the edges causing the windshield to delaminate. What's bullet proof glass and the way is it completely different from bullet resistant glass? Bullet proof glass is glass that will cease a bullet. Any bullet. To make a glass bullet proof, each type of bullet from each kind of gun should be considered during the design of the glass. Bullet proof glass is actually a composite of glass and plastic layers laminated collectively to achieve a strong composite that can stop a bullet. Bullet proof glass will likely be three or extra inches thick. Bullet resistant glass is designed for applications with a resistance to a spread of specific bullet calibers. Bullet resistance glass can be obtained in a 3/four inch thick composite of glass and plastics laminated collectively. On vehicle purposes, the environmental finish use is taken into account for the glass design. If a automobile is outfitted with bullet proof or bullet resistant glazing, all the inside trim must even be reworked to accommodate the thicker glass. What are stress cracks? Stress cracks are breaks from the edges of laminated glass, such as a windshield, that happen with out an impact point or noticeable broken space. Whereas this phenomenon can occur with seemingly no obvious trigger, there are however, two major elements which have a task in creating stress cracks. The stress crack might be caused by a manufacturing defect inside the glass or it can be attributed to the set up methods. How do glass defects trigger stress cracks? Stress cracks can happen if the 2 plies of glass used to make the laminated half are usually not utterly homogenous with one another. Stress cracks is usually a condition of tension or compression that exist inside the glass. Stress can also be attributable to incomplete annealing or temperature difference between the plies. Manufacturing processes embrace multiple high quality checkpoints for every particular person half throughout manufacturing to establish and get rid of defective components. Even so, it may be difficult to foretell a stress crack due to manufacturing circumstances. I have usually heard of a windshield floor referred to as the quantity 1, 2, 3 or four floor. What do these numbers imply? The windshield floor quantity refers back to the glass floor of the person glass plies within the laminated composite. A fundamental windshield development is composed of two items of glass with a plastic layer in between. The surfaces are counted from Exterior the vehicle. Due to this fact, surface number 1 is the outside surface of the exterior glass piece that can be exposed as soon as installed in the vehicle. Surface number 4 is the innermost floor which could be on the interior of the car once installed. Surface quantity four is the floor that's prepped with primers, cleaners and or activators required for installation. 2 and three are inside surfaces which might be in touch with the plastic. What's laminated glass? Laminated glass is constructed of two items of glass with a piece of plastic in between the glass plies. One sort of plastic innerlayer used is PVB or polyvinyl butyral. Laminated glass is required to make windshields within the US. How are windshields made? Two separate pieces of glass are lower to size. Whereas the glass is flat it is printed with the artwork design (frit) that's required. The glass is put by way of a furnace to soften the glass and fire the frit to the glass floor. Once the glass reaches the appropriate temperature, it's molded into form after which cooled. After shaping, the glass/ plastic/ glass sandwich is put in a clear room and then put into an autoclave. An autoclave is like an enormous stress cooker. The excessive strain squeezes the glass and plastic together. The upper temperature softens the plastic, which bonds the glass and plastic layers together. Once the glass exits the autoclave, any excess plastic is trimmed and the mirror mount is applied to the glass. The glass is inspected and cleaned several occasions all through all the course of to ensure it has been manufactured to the highest high quality requirements. After a last inspection, the finished part is now ready to ship. What is the Breakaway Bracket? Several new GM and Ford windshields have a Breakaway Bracket. This refers to the mirror button on the windshield. This style mirror button permits the rearviewmirror to snap off when the passenger air bag is deployed. If the rear view mirror did not snap off, there is a possibility that the mirror might puncture the air bag rendering it ineffective. The accessory software used to take away these snap off rearview mirrors is the MB-4. TIP: Put Breakaway rearview mirrors back on the glass earlier than putting in the windshield. This may prevent shifting a newly installed windshield out of place with the drive required to snap the mirror on the glass. How is a windshield glass molded into form? There are two widespread practices for shaping a windshield, gravity bending and press bending. Gravity bending has been used longer than press bending. For gravity bending, two items flat glass journey by means of the furnace on a mold contoured just like the finished half. Because the glass softens, the pressure of gravity pulls the glass into form. This pair of gravity bent glass is then saved collectively all through the rest of the windshield process. In a press bending operation, the one lites of glass go through a furnace on a flat surface of excessive temperature resistant rollers. As the glass exits the furnace it is quickly pressed into form between a male and female mold contoured just like the completed product. The glass is then cooled and moved to the next course of. How can I decide if a diversity or non-range antenna backlite is needed? The range antenna will use a mixture of antennas with a view to perform efficiently. Most diversity-antennas are offered with vehicle improve packages. A standard car mannequin may only have the mast antenna, whereas the deluxe luxury bundle might incorporate a range antenna within the backlite with the mast antenna. How to find out the necessity for a range antenna will differ relying on the automobile. The current Toyota Camry has extra speakers (6 complete) on the car that uses a range antenna and only 4 audio system on the vehicle that uses the non-diversity antenna. Can an antenna or heated backlite clip be reattached to the glass if it has fallen off? Clips, or tabs, might be reattached to the glass. In order to find out if the connection is repairable, the surface of the glass should be evaluated. If there are any chunks of glass (called spalls) missing from the floor, the restore should not be made and the glass should be changed. Spalls will weaken the glass and could finally end in glass breakage. Next, select the adhesive for use to reattach the clips. There are a couple of companies that manufacture a conductive adhesive system that can be utilized to reattach the tabs. The adhesive must be conductive so it would permit the electrical current move between the lines on the glass and the automobile. Follow the manufacture's directions for the repair. Regular tremendous glue adhesives won't work because they're non-conductive. Hint: Be certain to scrub both the glass floor and the clip surface of old debris. Additionally, let the repaired part sit for the really helpful cure time so the adhesive bond is totally developed. Will a damaged heated grid line on a backlite have an effect on the operation of the antenna? Many new radio and cellular phone antenna designs are incorporated into the heated grid design within the backlite. If a heated grid line is broken it will have an effect on the performance of the antenna. The road break will turn out to be extra noticeable with the general public as diversity antennas achieve popularity and reduce the necessity for traditional mast antennas. There are aftermarket grid line repair methods out there which can restore both the heating and the antenna traits of the grid line. What is a Rain Sensor windshield? Several vehicle manufacturers, together with Cadillac, Mercedes Benz and BMW, are now providing Rain Sensor windshields. The rain sensor is actually a small electronic gadget mounted to the inside floor of the windshield. The machine has a lens that can detect the presence of moisture on the skin surface of glass. When moisture is current, a signal is distributed to the wiper control that routinely activates the windshield wipers. This an ideal safety possibility for those misty periods when a driver is passing trucks and street spray hits the windshield. The windshield wipers will activate with out the necessity for the driver to take away his fingers from the wheel or his eyes from the street. Does the rain sensor module come on the replacement windshield? No. Right now, not one of the rain sensor designs require the sensor to be applied by the producer on the replacement windshields. The digital sensor that's on the present windshield in the automotive have to be eliminated and re-mounted onto the alternative windshield. How is the rain sensor connected to the replacement windshield? There are particular re-attachment kits for the substitute industry, obtainable by means of your native Automotive vendor, which can be utilized to re-attach the electronic rain sensor to the new windshield. The Cadillac equipment consists of tape, cleaners and primers for replacing the Cadillac module. The Mercedes / BMW kit comprises the tape and a new lens. Instructions for software are included in all of the kits. Is it regular for HUD display to look faded in brilliant light conditions? Vibrant sunlight or excessive glare situations may end up in a dimmer show of the pinnacle's Up show. It's normal for a HUD to look brighter at evening in darker circumstances that through the day beneath full solar. It is not normal for the HUD to fully disappear. If the display is fading when the automotive modifications momentum, resembling when turning a corner or accelerating, then the issue might be a system defect and it is really helpful that a vendor try the electronics. There is nothing in the windshield to trigger the display to fade or seem less intense. What is a diversity antenna? A range antenna combines the reception from several individual antennas on the automobile that makes it a very environment friendly antenna system. The definition of numerous means totally different, subsequently a variety antenna in a backlite is one that could Work with the mast (pillar) antenna mounted to the automobile. The two totally different antennas work together to attain superior AM/FM radio reception. The 1998 Cadillac Seville has a diversity antenna system that consists of an antenna within the windshield and antenna within the backlite that work together. What is a non-range antenna? A non-diversity antenna system relies on only one antenna for radio wave reception. A number of examples of non-variety antenna embody 1) a mast antenna mounted to the car 2) an antenna printed on the backlite or 3) a set of wires mounted into the windshield. A non-variety antenna is not going to be a mixture. Can a break in a HUD (Heads-Up-Display) windshield be repaired or should or not it's replaced? A break in the HUD windshield may be repaired like a normal non-HUD windshield. If the restore space is in the HUD picture space, a repair might interfere with the picture inflicting a double or distorted image. Therefore, consideration is required to find out if the type and dimension of break is repairable with out HUD interference. Passivated glass refers to chemically coated glass. Many automotive glass components are coated to achieve both the solar control characteristics or the privateness options. The coating can usually be detected by the reflective, mirror-like appearance. Typically these coatings will also have a color related to them and can make the glass look blue, pink or amber. The solar coatings are used to filter out the sun's ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths whereas the privateness coatings filter out seen gentle wavelengths. The wavelengths which can be filtered out by coated glass, include the wavelength spectrums that CB radios, cellular telephones, automated toll readers and radar detectors operate on. Subsequently, the chemically coated glass can interfere with the operation of digital gadgets that require a glass-mounted antenna. What type of glass is really helpful for a glass-mounted antenna? Glass that is referred to, as BATCH glass is compatible with glass mounted antennas. Photo voltaic and privateness batch glass is just not coated just like the passivated glass. As an alternative, the uncooked supplies that give the glass its solar or privateness characteristics are added on the time the glass is made. The raw materials are melted right in with the sand and different elements that glass are constructed from. As soon as the glass has been made, it wouldn't want some other treatments previous to fabrication into automotive glass components. Batch glass is uniform throughout the thickness of the glass. Coated parts are surface treated; the floor has totally different properties than the core of the glass. Are there any particular hints for re-attaching the rain sensor? Ensure that the glass is very clean previous to attaching the sensor. The performance of the sensors depends on the optically clear grades of doublefaced tape used for reattaching the units. These tapes also must be clear and freed from bubbles when applied to the glass. Any impurities which may be current will give a false sign to the rain sensor inflicting it to activate unnecessarily. What does the term "Auto-Cancel" refer to in the NAGS catalog? The Auto Cancel notation means the electrical enter to the heated backlite design is routinely canceled after a specified time and/or temperature. Most heated backlites made at this time are for automatic cancellation techniques. Nonetheless, there are a number of components such as the Isuzu Trooper backlites where a special glass heated design is required for the automated vs. For instance, FB4815 is for an computerized cancellation heated grid system whereas FB4816 is for a handbook cancellation heated grid system. 8-What is the distinction between a heavy-duty heated backglass and a normal heated backglass? The heavy-responsibility again glass is rated for higher amperage. The Heavy-Obligation (HD) designation is predominately used on foreign cars akin to Honda and Toyota autos. Regular home automobiles were rated for 22 amps whereas heated backlites in Asian automobiles were generally rated for 11 amps. Amperage relates to speed of performance. The higher the amperage, the quicker the backglass will heat and clear the frost from the glass. To accommodate the US market, many overseas automobile manufacturers developed the HD back glasses to supply appropriate defrosting performance within the US. The heavy-obligation backglass are an improve, but it surely doesn't interchange with the standard design.

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